發(fā)布時間: 2024年12月23日 12:32
首先，托福閱讀的時間限制需要考生快速閱讀和答題
很多托福考生都說，也許在托福閱讀中，最影響人的實力發(fā)揮的恐怕就是要求考生平均20分鐘讀完一篇文章和回答之后的題目。托福閱讀不同于CET4，CET6，與高考也是有區(qū)別的，因為這些都是大約4-5篇閱讀，20題。因此很多同學(xué)在一開始做托福閱讀的時候，十分不適應(yīng)托福閱讀的時間限制，有的人甚至在考前都沒有克服這個問題。所以為了高效答題，考生是不可能細讀托福閱讀整篇文章的。
其次，托福閱讀的題目也不需要考生讀全文
熟悉托福閱讀考試的考生知道，托福閱讀部分往往是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容順序出題，一般每個段落對應(yīng)一至兩個題目?？忌诖痤}時面對的答題單位是段落。而且需要注意的是，托福閱讀題干中都有關(guān)鍵詞，考生只需要根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章具體內(nèi)容就可順利進行托福閱讀答題。
那么，考生在托福閱讀答題時怎樣避免讀全文呢？
考生在閱讀文章時可以先閱讀文章的首段前4行，注意這里不是前2行，因為現(xiàn)在很多文章首句通常是由專業(yè)名詞組成或者是一些習(xí)語組成。因此這里建議首先讀完前4行來了解文章主題方向。接下來可以看每個段落的前兩句，大致了解段落主旨。然后根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容整理托福閱讀文章的整體框架。
在托福閱讀答題時則直接看題，然后在題中找關(guān)鍵詞回到原文，一些題目也可以通過特殊字符來辨認，比如數(shù)字，大寫字母，拼寫十分怪異的單詞等等，當(dāng)一道題沒有這些標(biāo)示的時候也可以通過鄰近的其他試題來定位本題在原文中的位置。
閱讀考試的體量和分數(shù)在托?？荚囍姓急仁潜容^大的，需要大家了解考試的要求。下面是我整理的2021年11月20日托福閱讀考試真題及答案。
2021年11月20日托福閱讀考試真題
R1
地球海洋怎么形成的
R2
鳥類集體活動
R3
兩種不同的部落遷移方式
R4
一個時期的植物動物都很大，和含氧水平有關(guān)
托福閱讀題型
一、細節(jié)題
先找到題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，然后在閱讀文章中找到這個關(guān)鍵詞所在的前后所有句子，再去理解這幾個句子的意思，對比題目中的四個選項，正確的選項通常是你找到的原文中句子的同義句或者是同義改寫的句子。但是這種類型的題目很多正確的選項通常都表達的比較含蓄，或者是從一個思維方式上面進行的描述。
二、總結(jié)題
做這種題型的題目首先是要閱讀文章每個段落的主旨句，然后再去看看選項中的答案，通過對比之后排除掉明顯的錯誤答案，然后再比較剩下來的選項找出正確的。正確的選項是必須要和這個題目的關(guān)鍵句有關(guān)聯(lián)的，或者是文章中段落的主旨句改寫的。
三、詞匯題
這種題是不需要解法的，要求學(xué)生在備考的過程中多背單詞，這類題只能通過背單詞來讓正確率得到提升，在近幾年考的最多的是熟悉的單詞不同的意思，所以在背單詞的時候一定要總結(jié)這種常見的單詞更多不同的意思，并且要重點記這個單詞不常見的意思，在考試過程中遇到的概率是非常大的。
四、推論題
首先是要找到題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，再回到閱讀文章中找到所有出現(xiàn)這個關(guān)鍵詞的句子，然后再把所有出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞的句子綜合起來總結(jié)信息，通常這類關(guān)鍵的信息都不會在原文中直接表達出來的，這種題目的正確選項通常都是表達的含蓄和抽象的，和細節(jié)題的做法是差不多的。
五、圖表題
做這種題要把選項中的信息都分別帶到原文中，然后按照原文的順序進行分類，題目的正確答案通常是原文中提到的主要信息。
六、事實否定題
這類題目需要把選項中提到的關(guān)鍵詞都在原文中找到，這類題目要求考生閱讀的信息量很多，通常和原文中描述的信息相反的意思的是正確的，或者是在原文中沒有提到的也是正確答案。
托福TPO作為大家托福備考的?？脊ぞ?，它的題目對我們有很大的參考價值，為了幫助大家備考，下面我給大家?guī)硗懈PO2Part2閱讀原文及參考答案，望喜歡。
? ? ?托福TPO2Part2閱讀原文
The Origins Of Cetaceans
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.
The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea
Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale
1. "Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
托福TPO2Part2閱讀題目
Directions: Mark your answer by filling in the oval next to your choice.
1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?
It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.
It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.
It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.
It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
There were great numbers of them.
They lived in the sea only.
They did not leave many fossil remains.
Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to
Exact
Scarce
Valuable
Initial
4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar
Hearing structures
Adaptations for diving
Skull shapes
Breeding locations
5. The word it in the passage refers to
Pakicetus
Fish
Life
ocean
Paragraph 4: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
Explained
Visible
Identified
Located
7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
Lived later than Ambulocetus natans
Lived at the same time as Pakicetus
Was able to swim well
Could not have walked on land
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations
On land
Both on land and at sea
In shallow water
In a marine environment
Paragraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea
9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?
Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.
The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.
The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.
Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.
By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to
Staying afloat
Changing direction
Decreasing weight
Moving forward
Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water
托福TPO2Part2 閱讀答案
參考答案：
1、2
2、1
3、3
4、3
5、1
6、2
7、4
8、4
9、2
10. 3
11. 4
12. 2
13-14. 1 2 5
托福TPO2Part2閱讀原文翻譯
沙漠已經(jīng)占據(jù)了地球表面積約四分之一，而且最近幾十年正以驚人的速度擴張。沙漠化是指類似沙漠的環(huán)境漫延到原本并非沙漠的區(qū)域。據(jù)估計，地球表面另外四分之一的地方正面臨沙漠化威脅。
沙漠化主要通過以下過程實現(xiàn)：首先自然植被不斷減少，隨后風(fēng)力和 雨水 加速了土壤的腐蝕。有的時候松散的土壤全部被風(fēng)刮走，留下石質(zhì)化的表層; 其它 情況下細小的沙?？赡軙淮底撸Ｉ沉４笮〉纳白硬粩喽逊e，從而形成移動的沙丘或者沙脊。
即便是在保留了土壤表層的區(qū)域，植被減少也已成為土壤大量吸取地下水的能力下降的典型因素。雨水對松散土壤的沖擊會把細小的粘土顆粒沖到土壤空隙中，封閉了土壤并降低土地表層水的滲透率。地表對水的吸收急劇減少，大量水資源流失，因此土壤的腐蝕率也隨即增加。地表吸收水分的能力進一步弱化使得土壤越發(fā)干燥，導(dǎo)致植被的進一步流失，于是便形成了土壤沙漠化的惡性循環(huán)。
在一些地方，沙漠面積的擴大很大程度上歸因于干燥的氣候條件。在過去的幾千年里，不斷增加的溫室效應(yīng)使得一些地方干旱問題愈發(fā)嚴重。倘若空氣污染帶來的溫室效應(yīng)繼續(xù)惡化，沙漠化進程會在未來數(shù)十年內(nèi)加速實現(xiàn)。
然而，可以肯定的是，大部分地區(qū)沙漠化主要都是由于人類活動造成，而非自然條件導(dǎo)致。沙漠邊緣的半干旱土地所處的生態(tài)平衡環(huán)境非常脆弱，環(huán)境壓力持續(xù)增加，而這些半干旱區(qū)域適應(yīng)環(huán)境壓力的能力極其有限。人口數(shù)量的增加使得人們不斷向土地施壓，依其提供食物和燃料。在濕潤的季節(jié)里，土地興許能夠應(yīng)付這些壓力。但是在干旱的季節(jié)里，在沙漠周邊的土地上，存在著這樣一個十分普遍的現(xiàn)象：人類對土地施加的壓力遠遠超過了土地自身減壓的能力，因此最終形成了沙漠。
導(dǎo)致沙漠化的主要因素有四個：過度 種植，過度放牧，過分砍伐，過度灌溉。由于人口密度增加，人們對糧食作物的種植已經(jīng)擴展到日益干燥的區(qū)域進行。這些區(qū)域很有可能經(jīng)常會發(fā)生干旱，所以農(nóng)作物種植失敗是很正常的事情。大多數(shù)農(nóng)作物的種植需要事先移除天然植被，而農(nóng)作物欠收后又會留下大面積荒地，非常容易被風(fēng)力和雨水侵蝕。
在半干旱地區(qū)，草坪是主要的天然植被，家畜 飼養(yǎng) 是當(dāng)?shù)氐囊豁椫饕?jīng)濟活動。在一個地區(qū)過量飼養(yǎng)家畜會導(dǎo)致植被覆蓋面積減少，土地被大量踐踏和碾碎。通常，隨之而來的就是土地硬化和加速侵蝕。
在很多國家木材是用來做飯和加熱的最主要燃料。人口增加帶來的壓力促使人們大量砍伐木材，導(dǎo)致許多城市和鄉(xiāng)村周圍大面積樹木和灌木減少。同時人們大量使用烘干的動物排泄物作為替代燃料同樣對土壤不利，因為這些珍貴的土壤成分調(diào)節(jié)劑和植物營養(yǎng)資源將不會再回歸至土壤當(dāng)中。
造成土地沙漠化的最后一個主要人為因素在于人類過度灌溉導(dǎo)致土壤的鹽堿化。灌溉多余的水滲透到地下水位。假如沒有排水系統(tǒng)的存在，那么地下水位上升，把溶解的鹽分帶到土壤表面。水分蒸發(fā)后，鹽分留在了表面，形成白色的地殼層，這一地殼層阻止了空氣和水接觸地底下的土壤。
沙漠化問題異常嚴重，這是因為有佷廣闊的地區(qū)和數(shù)量龐大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影響，而且要想逆轉(zhuǎn)沙漠化的進程甚至減緩沙漠化的速度都面臨著巨大的困難。一旦土壤被侵蝕，需要再經(jīng)過幾百到上千年的時間才會產(chǎn)生新的土壤。那些大量土壤仍保存完好的地方，亟需一個嚴謹而有力的保護政策和植被覆蓋計劃來保護現(xiàn)有土地。
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為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面我給大家?guī)砝贤懈ｉ喿x100篇passage 33試題及答案，希望大家喜歡!
老托福閱讀100篇passage 33試題及答案
PASSAGE 33
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at
once (lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word it in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C
托福閱讀怎么抓住定位詞
首先介紹一下，什么是定位詞?
其實很簡單，打個比方，你和朋友約好了去酒吧，朋友和你說酒吧在沈陽新東方正對面，這個酒吧你是不知道地點的，也就是你的目的地;而新東方卻很熟知，那么你只需找到新東方便可以找到酒吧了。在這里新東方是已知的，就是用來定位的詞匯，而酒吧則是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。
定位詞的稱呼有很多，如關(guān)鍵詞，主旨詞，功能詞，中心詞等等。這些只是個名稱罷了，含義都是一致的：一個可以根據(jù)題干回原文定位，并能夠找到出處的詞，這個題干中的詞就是定位詞 or key word。
定位詞有什么樣的特征?
定位詞總體特征：不可變性和細節(jié)性
不可變性：定位詞是用來定位的，所以必須找那些回原文依然不變的詞匯，才有意義。通常不用動詞和副詞來定位。通常是名詞或充當(dāng)定語的形容詞。
細節(jié)性：不要找大概念的詞匯，更不要拿代表全文主旨的詞匯來定位。換句話說不要找那些原文一大堆的詞匯，無法定位。
如，95年英國劍橋委員會British Council給出的唯一樣題 文章 的題目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens
下面有一道選擇題是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿這道題為例，如果大家把Mount St.Helens 作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文進行定位，那你會郁悶致死，全文主要講的就是圣海倫斯火山的噴發(fā)，原文有N多個Mount St.Helens，所以即使這個詞屬于大寫的專有名詞，但他違背了細節(jié)性，是概括性的詞匯，也不能作為定位詞來尋找答案。
究竟哪些詞在閱讀當(dāng)中充當(dāng)定位詞?
以下是定位詞的分類：
1.特殊詞匯
在閱讀中有一些詞張的比較特殊，這種詞很容易被記住，也很容易回原文定位。
好比，在大街上上看到一個人光著身子跑步-------特殊難看
一個人的個子超高，像姚明一樣------特殊長
一個人身上穿著10多種顏色的衣服，而且不停的搖頭-----特殊怪
特殊怪，特殊長，特殊難
這三種詞就是特殊詞的所有特征，在文中看到這樣的詞，一定要警惕。如，
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也經(jīng)常作為考點。
sodium 【化學(xué)】鈉---特殊難，大家只要知道是一種化學(xué)元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同時的---特殊長，這種詞本身的特點決定應(yīng)作為定位詞。
2.數(shù)字：通常指時間，金錢和百分比。
有一個道題目是這樣問的：
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那么像1980 3185$ 69%這些詞因為長相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出來幾個數(shù)字，十分顯眼，也就很好回原文找到他們。
3.專有名詞：斜體字，大寫人名,地名，大寫的專有名詞，這一點大家都很熟悉，不用多說。
4.特殊符號：
在特殊符號里或者旁邊的詞，最好通過符號回原文進行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 這些詞本身并沒有什么特別，但放在符號里面，就可以根據(jù)符號回原文進行尋找。
總之，在國外考試的閱讀中，無論是閱讀文章，還是回答后面的10幾道題目，定位詞的尋找，都是一種有效的應(yīng)試策略，更是學(xué)術(shù)文章的閱讀的重要 方法 。
托福閱讀不同題型的方法和技巧
一、單詞題目
平時注意單詞量的積累，力求達到可以隨時隨地記憶單詞的境界。其實我們在記憶單詞的時候也可以適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┎呗?，那就是在我們可以把自己的?cè)重點放在動詞和形容詞的記憶上?？荚囘^后，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個策略的事半功倍了。此外，對于自己不認識的單詞，我們應(yīng)該主動回原文找 同義詞，或找相關(guān)的提示信息。
二、找代詞指代對象的題目
在考試中，它們主要會以如下兩種形式出現(xiàn)。
(1)it、one、their、its、that類，這種題目主要是考查我們對于并列關(guān)系的掌握，這時，我們應(yīng)該主動去看這個詞所在的那整句話，從已知話中找到處于相同地位的詞。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定語從句類，我們在面對這種題目時，應(yīng)該有意識的在選項中找從句中謂語動詞的發(fā)起者或接受者，因為只有這樣才可以邁出通向勝利的第一步。
三、考查文章內(nèi)容的題目
在歷次的托福考試中，也存在著兩大主要題型，即：文章細節(jié)考查題和文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查題。
1、文章細節(jié)考查題
解答文章細節(jié)考查題，我們一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的內(nèi)容，進而得出答案。
常見的定位有以下3種：
(1)題目本身給出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一個段落的定位。
(3)位置多夾于前后兩題位置之間。
2、文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查題
一定要注意：
(1)千萬不要根據(jù)你讀的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章從頭到尾當(dāng)成一個整體，盡可能各段獨立。
(3)根據(jù) 經(jīng)驗，在考試中，整篇文章的最后一句出題較多，所以應(yīng)該仔細閱讀這個重要的 句子 。
以上是針對托福考試閱讀部分的常見題型做出的一些有關(guān)于考試解題方法與技巧的分項介紹。
在整個的閱讀考試中，我們還應(yīng)該了解到：
(1)在這個特殊的考試時間段內(nèi)，我們的記憶比理解更為重要，在解題的時候一定要完全忠實于原文，切忌私自做出任何的主觀臆斷。
(2)在做題步驟方面，我們可以先簡讀原文(主要是各個段落的第一，二句話)，而后閱讀題目，最后觀察選項做出判斷。值得我們特別注意的是，我們在做出判斷的時候，切忌不要選擇在選項中存在比較，而在原文中沒有明確表示過的項目;切忌不要去選擇那些說法過于絕對化的選項。
上周的托?？荚囈呀?jīng)圓滿結(jié)束，真題及答案也新鮮出爐。下面來跟著看一看2019年5月11日托福閱讀考試真題及答案。
Passage 1 Glaciers：Formation，Movement，and Distribution 冰川：形成，移動和分布
（重復(fù)2016.06.18）
文章說冰川其實是會change和move的，只是改變的不明顯而已。然后文章開始講水循環(huán)，說冰川是一個巨大的reservoir，所以在循環(huán)的過程中非常重要。接著又討論了冰川的形成機制，是因為積雪壓實。冰川的運作分為兩種：一種是冰川本身的內(nèi)部流動；另外一種是冰川整體與周圍的滑動，有水作為潤滑的話會運動得更快。最后講了影響冰川運作的因素，包括地理位置和海拔等等，舉了華盛頓冰川的例子解釋海拔的影響。
Passage 2 Optimal Foraging Among Primates靈長類動物的最優(yōu)覓食策略
（重復(fù)2018.01.13）
靈長類動物覓食（foraging尋找草料），需要maximize它們每次forage能夠獲得的營養(yǎng)或者minimize每次覓食會消耗的體力。即使是葉子這種沒有那么富含營養(yǎng)的食物。它們也會挑特定的來吃，比如會避開堅硬的果實，而選擇高蛋白（high protein）的食物來吃。還說靈長類動物會根據(jù)特定地區(qū)食物的多少來調(diào)整它們覓食小分隊的人數(shù)。比如一個地方食物很多，足夠養(yǎng)活很多猩猩的話，那這些小分隊又會聚攏到一起。說某一種靈長類動物，也會以這種方式聚攏，只是我們不太能夠觀察到（考點問為什么要說這個，答案應(yīng)該就是支持作者關(guān)于靈長類動物無論什么種類都有根據(jù)特定地區(qū)食物數(shù)量來決定小分隊人數(shù)這一觀點）；還說到了如果沒有大量的食物來源，一些比較弱的靈長類動物寧愿獨自覓食也不要結(jié)成小分隊，以小分隊的形式來和其它小分隊競爭事務(wù)，因為它們投入的cost遠小于它們能夠得到的。
Passage 3 Development of Mass Transportation in the United States美國大眾交通的發(fā)展
（重復(fù)2018.09.16）
講原來城市很小因為大家都是步行，后來馬車出現(xiàn)，城市開始階級化的分區(qū)。然后因馬車有弊端，又發(fā)明了馬拉軌道車，也有弊端最后到發(fā)明電軌道車。
Passage 4 Successful Invaders 成功的入侵者
（重復(fù)2017.10.28，2017.11.04）
一些植物發(fā)展不可能穩(wěn)定進行，人類因素會影響植物行為，而這些人類影響并沒有被科學(xué)家考慮到。一種植物被入類所利用去阻擋洪水，被分散到一些地方，如西班牙某地；由于人們引進Red Butterfly導(dǎo)致某地一種Bronze Butterfly逐漸減少，然后Red Butterfly就占據(jù)了這個地方，有提到用larva的特點來限制Red?Butterfly的蔓延，因為在南部地區(qū)首先是larva被轉(zhuǎn)移到這里所以才導(dǎo)致red瘋長，嚴重影響了當(dāng)?shù)貓@藝工業(yè)的發(fā)展，之后提到了一種治理措施加一個例子。
Passage 5 Climate in the Triassic and Jurassic三疊紀和侏羅紀的氣候
（重復(fù)2017.01.14）
第一段：Late Triassic and early Jurassic的氣候特征： warm，aridity，四季分明。
第二段：broad climate regimes 是基于一些rocks去判斷。
第三段：還有另外三個climate indicators揭示了當(dāng)時的氣候：
第四段：Late Jurassic氣候開始發(fā)生變化。
第五段：Middle and Late Jurassic時期，ocean basin的water 還有特定的魚類揭示了那時海平面很高；而且內(nèi)陸海很多。北極是沒有ice and glaciers的，意味著那時候溫度很高。
Passage 6 Sumerian Contributions蘇美爾人的文明發(fā)展
（重復(fù)2014.05.24，2015.09.05）
第1段講到蘇美爾原來人口稀少，因為每年都有洪災(zāi)。但是后來農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，人口增多。
第2段講蘇美爾地區(qū)土壤特別肥沃，農(nóng)業(yè)的灌溉以及種植需要有人管理和監(jiān)管，而 priesthood 起到了這個功能。
第3段說明Sumerian 發(fā)明了文字，當(dāng)時的 cuneiform 是在 2800bc 形成的。Sumerian 是 temple city，一開始出于官方記錄 temple 的建造，勞動力分工等發(fā)明了文字，后來文字延用于商業(yè)交易。
Passage 7 Urban Development in the United States in the Nineteenth Century19世紀美國的城市發(fā)展
（重復(fù)2019.03.31，2014.11.23，2014.04.27，2017.05.06）
P1-沒有規(guī)劃：美國19實際的城市發(fā)展整體缺乏規(guī)劃，只是在局部小區(qū)域內(nèi)為了吸引富人購買，開發(fā)商做了精心的布局。但是這種布局不同于我們今天所說的出于對城市空間排列和服務(wù)組織考量而進行的規(guī)劃。
P2-起作用的其他因素：其他因素有經(jīng)濟、交通技術(shù)、人口學(xué)、以及美國人對獨門獨戶生活和鄉(xiāng)村生活的喜好。具體說，經(jīng)濟因素使得城市中的工商業(yè)發(fā)展優(yōu)先選擇最佳地段，并且經(jīng)濟帶來的人們收入提高使得能夠購買更大的房子和支付遠距離交通；交通變革延伸了人們換乘的距離，并且降低了交通成本。
P3-起作用的其他因素：人口也影響著城市發(fā)展，一方面大量農(nóng)村和外國移民移入城市，使得城市越來越大；另一方面城市中原有人口主要是中產(chǎn)階級開始逃離城市搬到鄉(xiāng)村，因為他們發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的問題越來越嚴重，更喜好鄉(xiāng)村生活。
P4-存在的問題：城市中的問題分成兩類，一類是一直到今天都難以解決的問題如犯罪、噪音等，另一類是因為缺乏城市規(guī)劃而產(chǎn)生的，如易發(fā)火災(zāi)和衛(wèi)生條件惡劣誘發(fā)傳染病。
P5-存在的問題：火災(zāi)和衛(wèi)生這兩個問題都和另一方面城市特點有關(guān)，那就是城市建設(shè)缺乏協(xié)同合作，最明顯的例子就是道路的扭曲，使其更靠近某住戶的房子，這完全是出于個人的考慮而沒有整體協(xié)作。
Passage 8 The Green House Effect of Venus 金星的溫室效應(yīng)
（重復(fù)2019.04.14，2018.04.15）
Passage 9?青蛙的真菌感染
（重復(fù)2017.12.17）
某種fungus對青蛙的影響，探討了細菌的傳播及可能的起源。
Passage 10 一種污染物在極地的傳播
通過水路，空氣，煙霧等等方式。
Passage 11 歐洲北美建筑的異同
Passage 12 Disease and History 疾病與歷史
（重復(fù)2015.01.10）
Passage 13 Models of Egg Development 蛋的發(fā)育模型
（重復(fù)2019.03.16，2015.09.19，2014.09.27）
古生物學(xué)家Romer認為，當(dāng)某些水生的兩棲動物正在進化出像爬行動物一樣的骨骼時，他們便把蛋產(chǎn)在陸地上，這樣做的好處是避免自己的水生幼蟲只能待在水里，因而面臨著水里捕獵者和水池干涸的風(fēng)險，但把蛋產(chǎn)在陸地上也有風(fēng)險，尤其是被空氣干燥的風(fēng)險，所以蛋的外層發(fā)展出了一系列的保護膜，包括硬殼這樣的保護層也發(fā)展出來了。
古生物學(xué)家Kohring認為，兩棲動物在Mississippian時代擴張進入了營養(yǎng)貧瘠或寒冷的水中，為了應(yīng)對這種嚴酷環(huán)境，他們產(chǎn)出更大蛋黃的卵來為了后代儲備營養(yǎng)，而更大的蛋黃使得蛋更大，產(chǎn)蛋的數(shù)量更少，為了保護這個更大的蛋完好無損，一到多個保護膜被發(fā)展出來，有了外層保護膜，便能夠把有毒的鈣離子安全儲備在外層膜里，鈣離子在外層硬殼的積累使得這些兩棲動物提前適應(yīng)了將蛋產(chǎn)在陸地上。
Gary和Packard關(guān)注的不是保護膜如何出現(xiàn)，而是保護膜出現(xiàn)后蛋殼的發(fā)展過程，Packard認為最早的爬行動物是在潮濕的陸地上產(chǎn)生類似皮革的堅韌帶殼的蛋，這樣這種蛋便可在發(fā)育過程中從環(huán)境吸水，但是由于這種蛋受到捕獵的昆蟲和微生物的威脅，爬行動物便開始向蛋分泌碳酸鈣層，碳酸鈣層雖能保護蛋，但妨礙了水分的吸收，作為補償，含有大量水溶性蛋清的蛋演變出來，此時，爬行動物的蛋已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了帶有堅固外殼、并像鳥蛋一樣復(fù)雜的程度。
Mary和Seymour注意到兩棲動物的卵之所以不能達到爬行動物蛋的大小，是因為卵周圍的明膠層不能很好地傳送氧氣，因此蛋進化上的重大突破來自于明膠層的清除，取而代之是纖維狀生物膜，這樣才能允許更大的蛋進化出來。
Passage 14 生物入侵
一種cheatgrass。
Passage 15 Reconstructing Ancient Environment重建古代環(huán)境
（重復(fù)2018.09.08，2014.03.01）
考古文化。首段引入介紹考古學(xué)需要建立古代地球環(huán)境，以下各段分別從植物遺跡（floral remains）、動物遺跡（faunal remains）和人體遺跡的角度進行古代環(huán)境的重建，最后兩段引入地質(zhì)考古學(xué)（geoarchaeology）的概念，以及用埃及的例子來解釋地質(zhì)和考古學(xué)如何相互結(jié)合來重新構(gòu)建古代環(huán)境。
Passage 16 人類對味覺重量差別的感知
詞匯題：
1.?segmented=divided gathered 分割的
2.?vow=promise 誓言
3.?transmit=communicate 傳播
4.?proliferation=expand 增加
5.?prevailing =common 普遍的
6.?discrete = distinct 離散的，分明的
7.?simultaneously = at the same time 同時地
8.?routinely = regularly 例行公事地
9.?obtained = gathered 獲得
10.?are preserved = survive 得以保留
11.?a wealth of data = a lot of information 大量數(shù)據(jù)
12.?encompass = include 包含
13.?prolifically = abundantly 豐富地
14.?readily = easily 容易地
15.?prior to = before 在之前
16.?steadily = continually 穩(wěn)定持續(xù)地
17.?plague = cause trouble for 招致問題
18.?abrupt = sudden 突然的
19.?dispersed = scattered 分開了的
20.?deficiencies = shortages 缺陷
21.?emerging = appearing 出現(xiàn)
22.?exclusively = only唯一，僅僅
23.?accumulating = collecting 積累
24.?counter = combat對抗，敵對
25.?breakthrough = development 突破，發(fā)展
26.?constituents = components 組成部分
27.?excavated = dug from the ground 提取
28.?characteristic = typical 典型的
29.?alteration = modification 變化
30.?formerly = once 以前
31.?relevance = significance 中肯的觀點
rudimentary = basic 基本的
新托福考試內(nèi)容主要包含以下幾點：
新托?？荚噧?nèi)容之閱讀內(nèi)容
新托福閱讀一共有三篇文章，每篇文章650-750個單詞，是新托?？荚囶}型之一，閱讀滿分為30分，考試時間60分鐘。
新托?？荚噧?nèi)容之聽力內(nèi)容
新托福考試聽力取消了短對話，由兩篇較長的校園情景對話和四篇課堂演講組成，每段演講對應(yīng)6道試題，每個對話對應(yīng)5道試題，這個部分持續(xù)大約50分鐘。
新托福聽力的滿分為30分，有34—51題，新托福聽力包括學(xué)術(shù)講座和長對話問題，有主旨題、功能/目的題、細節(jié)題、情景理解題、組織結(jié)構(gòu)題、連接內(nèi)容題、推論題等題型。
新托福考試內(nèi)容之口語內(nèi)容
這個部分共有6題，持續(xù)約20分鐘。
第一、二題要求考生就某一話題闡述自己的觀點。
第三、四題要求考生首先在45秒內(nèi)閱讀一段短文，隨后短文隱去，播放一段與短文有關(guān)的對話或課堂演講。最后，要求考生根據(jù)先前閱讀的短文和播放的對話或課堂演講回答相關(guān)問題，考生有30秒鐘的準(zhǔn)備時間，然后進行60秒鐘的回答。
第五、六題要求考生聽一段校園情景對話或課堂演講，然后回答相關(guān)問題。
新托福口語的滿分為30分，采用人機對話，主要有非限制性題、二選一題、校園事件題、學(xué)術(shù)題、學(xué)校生活題等題型。
新托?？荚噧?nèi)容之寫作內(nèi)容
要求考生在1小時內(nèi)完成兩篇作文，滿分為30分。
其中一篇類似于老托福的寫作，要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)就某一話題闡述自己的觀點，字數(shù)要求為300字以上。
另一篇則要求考生首先閱讀一篇文章，五分鐘以后，文章隱去，播放一段與文章有關(guān)的課堂演講。
新托福考試內(nèi)容之加試內(nèi)容
托福考試可能遇到加試，一般實際考試中，考生往往會在聽力或閱讀部分碰到加試試題，也有可能閱讀、聽力兩部分同時被加試。加試部分不算分，但是會被作為參考。
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