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教育培訓(xùn)行業(yè)知識(shí)型媒體
發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2024年12月31日 01:35
任何一門語(yǔ)言都有語(yǔ)言學(xué),對(duì)于句子而言也是存在句法學(xué),除了詞匯概念較復(fù)雜外,其句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜。句法學(xué)與語(yǔ)法有區(qū)別嗎?小編整理英語(yǔ)句法學(xué)與語(yǔ)法相關(guān)內(nèi)容,了解一下。
從句就是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于整個(gè)句子(這樣的句子叫復(fù)合句)中的一個(gè)成分,因此從句不能單獨(dú)使用。在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語(yǔ)的句子叫定語(yǔ)從句。
定語(yǔ)從句是中國(guó)人學(xué)英語(yǔ)最重要的難點(diǎn)之一。其實(shí)定語(yǔ)從句很有規(guī)律,總結(jié)如下:在關(guān)系代詞中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ),因此,除了在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,用that一般不會(huì)出問(wèn)題。
關(guān)系副詞的用法比較單一,它們從句中只起狀語(yǔ)的作用,表示時(shí)間的就用who門,表示地點(diǎn)的就用where,而why只修飾一個(gè)詞,即reason。
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞,因?yàn)樗偸翘幵诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的前頭,比定語(yǔ)從句先行一步。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
?關(guān)系代詞:
who,which,that作從句的主語(yǔ)
whom,which,that作從句的賓語(yǔ)(可省略)
whose從句中作定語(yǔ)
以下情況只能用that,不能用which:
i.先行詞為不定代詞all,little,none,any,every,no,much,anything,nothing
ii. 先行詞有最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)(包括: the only,the very,the same,the last,the next等)
iii.先行詞既有人又有物的時(shí)候
以下情況只能用which,不能用that;
① 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(包括代表整個(gè)主句的意思時(shí))
② 介詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中
?關(guān)系副詞:
when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),只修飾reason。
如果用定語(yǔ)從句把兩個(gè)句子合二為一:首先找出兩個(gè)句子當(dāng)中相同的部分,定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是這一部分。要把其中一個(gè)句子變成定語(yǔ)從句,就要把這句中相同的那個(gè)部分用一個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替;代替時(shí),先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主語(yǔ)的,就用who。或that;指人并作賓語(yǔ)的,就用whom或that;指人并作定語(yǔ)的,就用whose。指物并作主語(yǔ)的,就用which或that認(rèn)指物并作賓語(yǔ)的,還是用which或that認(rèn)是物并作定語(yǔ)的,就用whose或of which。這樣找好并替換以后,再把這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞放到要變成定語(yǔ)從句的那個(gè)句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留,其它的詞語(yǔ)一律不變),這個(gè)句子就變成了定語(yǔ)從句。然后,再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面,最后,如果還有其它句子成分,就把它們放到定語(yǔ)從句的后面,就行了。
例如:
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個(gè)句子中,the book是相同的,定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the book。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句,找個(gè)關(guān)系詞來(lái)代替the book;在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的名子中,the book是物并作賓語(yǔ),所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí),就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?,再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?定語(yǔ)從句就完成了,主句是問(wèn)句,所以句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。that/which代替的是原句中的賓語(yǔ),原句變成了從句,它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略,因此上句又可變成have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?。
關(guān)系副詞與此同理。只是關(guān)系副詞代替的是原句中的狀語(yǔ)。在被代替之前,這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)中一定要含有一個(gè)與另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house where I was born and brought up. = I was born and brought up in the house. 在這兩個(gè)句子中,in the house是句子里的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the house。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的句子中,in the house是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),所以用where來(lái)代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語(yǔ)序來(lái)代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí),就成了"where I was born and brought up"。再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.,定語(yǔ)從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號(hào)。Where代替的是原句中的狀語(yǔ),原句變成了從句,它就作從句的狀語(yǔ)。
(1) The hotel is an artistic building. We'll stay in it.
……The hotel where we'll stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we'll stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we'll stay is an artistic building.
(2) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.
?定語(yǔ)從句
請(qǐng)大家照上面的例子,把下面變定語(yǔ)從句的步驟說(shuō)出來(lái)(括號(hào)里的可以省略):
(3)They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.
→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.
→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么,介詞+關(guān)系代詞是怎么回事呢?原來(lái)上面這個(gè)例句,還有一種做法:This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在這兩個(gè)句子中,the house是相同的,定語(yǔ)從句修飾的就是the house。把后面這一句變成定語(yǔ)從句。在將要被變成定語(yǔ)從句的句子中,the house表示物而且是介詞in的賓語(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系代詞which或that來(lái)代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語(yǔ)序一律不變。這時(shí),后面這一句就成了 which/that I was born and brought up in。再把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in。定語(yǔ)從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號(hào)。
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