發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2024年12月23日 09:06
托福考試順序?yàn)椋洪喿x、聽力、口語、寫作。
聽力之后會(huì)有10分鐘的休息時(shí)間,新托??荚?網(wǎng)考)大概持續(xù)4個(gè)小時(shí),4個(gè)部分的考試將在一天內(nèi)完成,每部分為30分,整個(gè)試題為120分。
目前,全球130多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)逾10,000所院校、組織和機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)可托福成績(jī),涵蓋了美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞和加拿大的所有頂級(jí)名校;
另外,移民部門會(huì)參考申請(qǐng)者的托福成績(jī)簽發(fā)居住和工作簽證;醫(yī)療及認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)根據(jù)從業(yè)者的托福成績(jī)頒發(fā)職業(yè)資格證書;越來越多的英語學(xué)習(xí)者也依據(jù)托福成績(jī)客觀評(píng)估自己的英語學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展。
有留學(xué)想法的同學(xué)不知道考沒考托福呢?沒有的話就跟的我一起來看一下托??荚嚳记氨仨氁私獾囊c(diǎn),希望可以幫助到你,歡迎閱讀。
一、托福考試考場(chǎng)注意紀(jì)律
1、考生需提前30分鐘到場(chǎng)。
2、考生不許攜帶包括手表在內(nèi)的任何電子設(shè)備和計(jì)時(shí)器。
3、在考務(wù)人員解鎖后才能觸摸鍵盤鼠標(biāo)。
4、考間休息時(shí)可吃東西、喝水補(bǔ)充體力。
5、考試期間不能出考場(chǎng)。
二、托福考試程序
1、抵達(dá)考場(chǎng):存物、抄寫誓詞、提交證件、簽到照相、拿稿紙和鉛筆。
2、進(jìn)入考場(chǎng):就座、核對(duì)顯示器上照片、注冊(cè)號(hào)、姓名生日是否相符;考務(wù)人員輸入鍵盤解鎖指令、調(diào)節(jié)音量和耳機(jī);監(jiān)考人確認(rèn),開始考試。
3、考試順序:閱讀--聽力--口語--寫作。
提醒:就座后,嚴(yán)禁考生觸摸計(jì)算機(jī)鍵盤和鼠標(biāo),需有解鎖指令后使用。
三、托??荚嚳记皽?zhǔn)備工作
首先,要告訴大家,每個(gè)考點(diǎn)的設(shè)施(比如計(jì)算機(jī)顯示器是CRT還是LCD,是15還是17英寸)都不盡相同,總的來說不如人意,尤其是隔音很一般(每人一個(gè)座位相互間有隔板,而前后沒有隔板)。
再者,各個(gè)考場(chǎng)的監(jiān)考老師對(duì)考場(chǎng)政策的把握尺度區(qū)別很大,大家對(duì)此一定要有心理準(zhǔn)備,詳見下文:
1. 考生在考試前30分鐘必須到達(dá)考場(chǎng),否則主考老師有權(quán)拒絕考生參加考試。
建議:提前45分鐘到考場(chǎng)。因?yàn)樾峦懈?shí)行先到先考的原則,先辦完手續(xù)的考生可以先進(jìn)行考試,后到的考生容易受干擾。
2. 考場(chǎng)外通常會(huì)有存放物品的箱子,可以將個(gè)人物品放在里面,不一定有鎖。手機(jī)、手表、食物和飲料等絕對(duì)不能帶入考場(chǎng)。
建議:不要帶貴重物品。
3. 抄寫誓詞,考生在簽完保密守則后會(huì)進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證。
4. 向監(jiān)考人提交自己的有效證件,簽到。有效證件的具體說明:
帶護(hù)照或攜帶其他兩種證件,一個(gè)一類證件,一個(gè)二類證件(一類證件為居民身份證(包括香港和澳門身份證)或中國(guó)軍人證件。二類證件包括學(xué)生證,中華人民共和國(guó)機(jī)動(dòng)車駕駛證,考生本人所在學(xué)校學(xué)生處、系(院)辦,或所在單位人事部門,或戶籍所在地派出所,或檔案所在地人才交流中心,或街道辦事處開具的身份證明信。戶籍所在地派出所開具的戶籍證明信應(yīng)包含考生照片;其他身份證明信需有本人照片、本人簽字、本人身份證號(hào)碼,個(gè)人體貌特征描述和經(jīng)辦單位人事部門電話,經(jīng)辦人簽字及聯(lián)系電話。(上述所有證明信須使用正式的抬頭紙、照片處加蓋騎縫章)
建議:有護(hù)照的考生最好把身份證也拿上,因?yàn)橛械目键c(diǎn)必須要兩個(gè)證件。
5. 開始進(jìn)入考場(chǎng),首先要進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拍照。拍照使用的是電腦安裝的攝像頭,在獲得照片后電腦會(huì)隨機(jī)生成考生的座位號(hào),并把這位考生的照片和信息傳到相應(yīng)的機(jī)位,然后考場(chǎng)的老師也會(huì)指引考生到考位。
提醒:這個(gè)過程比較慢,要有耐心。
6. 發(fā)放考試用的草稿紙和鉛筆,草稿紙是彩色的,且只有三張,可兩面使用,如果考試過程中用完了可以換新的草稿紙,舊的必須要交上去。
建議:草稿紙使用的時(shí)候要節(jié)約,盡量避免因換草稿紙而影響答題。
四、托??荚嚳紙?chǎng)聽說讀寫四項(xiàng)的考試順序
1、閱讀: 3篇文章/60分鐘或5篇文章/ 100分鐘(每篇文章700字左右)。
2、聽力:6篇文章(由2個(gè)校園場(chǎng)景對(duì)話和4篇學(xué)術(shù)文章組成)。
3、10分鐘休息,每個(gè)考場(chǎng)對(duì)這10分鐘的監(jiān)控差異很大,最嚴(yán)格的考場(chǎng)不允許學(xué)生離開座位,所以就不能進(jìn)食/喝水,而最寬松的考場(chǎng),學(xué)生可以在考場(chǎng)外自由行動(dòng),吃喝隨意,而不加妨礙。
建議:事先做好最壞打算,考試前要吃好,但不要多喝水,避免上廁所。
提醒:10分鐘以后,同學(xué)們需要示意監(jiān)考老師,由監(jiān)考老師進(jìn)行密碼確認(rèn)后繼續(xù)開始后面的考試。
4.口語:6道題(前兩道題是獨(dú)立任務(wù),后四道是綜合任務(wù))。
5.寫作:兩道題(50分鐘)
第一題:綜合寫作,20分鐘; 第二題:獨(dú)立寫作,30分鐘。
提醒:寫完作文之后問你是否提交本次成績(jī),不要點(diǎn)錯(cuò)了,否則就白考了。
總結(jié):在整個(gè)答題過程中還可以有一次可選的休息時(shí)間,但要占用答題的時(shí)間,所以盡量避免,除非要上廁所。
五、托??记皽?zhǔn)備與考場(chǎng)注意事項(xiàng)相關(guān)答疑
Q:考試前簽的協(xié)議大致是什么內(nèi)容-?
A:是關(guān)于你的名字,考場(chǎng)地點(diǎn),還有抄寫一段承諾不會(huì)泄露考題的保證。
Q:進(jìn)入考場(chǎng)后,開始答題之前有什么注意事項(xiàng)-?
A:進(jìn)入考場(chǎng),考官會(huì)給你指定一臺(tái)電腦就坐,這時(shí)應(yīng)該核對(duì)顯示器上你的照片、注冊(cè)號(hào)、姓名生日是否相符,如果相符,考務(wù)人員會(huì)幫你點(diǎn)擊屏幕上的確定,進(jìn)入考試界面。
Q:進(jìn)入考試界面是直接考試答題嗎-?
A:不是。通常一進(jìn)入界面,會(huì)先讓戴上耳機(jī)試音,在這段時(shí)間內(nèi),你可以通過滑動(dòng)界面右上角的volume滑塊,調(diào)出適合你的音量。然后,會(huì)讓你試一下麥克風(fēng)是否正常,如果都正常你就可以選擇右上角的continue,開始考試,不過這之前還要有考試要求,如果不想聽直接跳過,開始考試。
Q:考試的每一項(xiàng)都包含什么-?
A:①閱讀通常包含2個(gè)section,第一個(gè)有一篇文章限時(shí)20分鐘,第二個(gè)包含兩篇文章限時(shí)40分鐘,如果遇到了加試,會(huì)增加一個(gè)40分鐘2篇文章的section。
②聽力通常也包括2個(gè)section,每個(gè)里面包含有一篇長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和兩篇長(zhǎng)演講,如果遇到加試,會(huì)增加一個(gè)和前兩個(gè)section內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)一樣的section(聽力和閱讀加試不會(huì)同時(shí)遇到),每個(gè)section的答題時(shí)間都為20分鐘。
③口語包含6道題1、2是選擇類題目;3、5是校園場(chǎng)景的對(duì)話總結(jié)題目,4、6是學(xué)術(shù)段子的總結(jié)題;其中3、4題是先看文字材料,然后聽段子,然后口述5、6題,這里是直接聽段子口述。
④寫作先是綜合寫作20min,然后是獨(dú)立寫作30min。
Q:閱讀考試中,界面是怎樣的-?
A:考試界面右面是閱讀材料,左邊是題目,右上角有倒計(jì)時(shí),你可以選擇隱藏(不過通常這樣比較冒險(xiǎn),容易答不完),每次只出一道題目,每道題的答案所對(duì)應(yīng)段落的前面會(huì)有一個(gè)→,做完每道題,點(diǎn)右上角的next,進(jìn)入下一題,當(dāng)然也可以退回來檢查,注意閱讀的最后一題是將正確的選項(xiàng)用鼠標(biāo)拖到相應(yīng)的位置,如果要修改也是如此拖動(dòng),如果都答完了覺得沒有問題的話,點(diǎn)擊右上角的continue,進(jìn)入下一個(gè)section,或聽力考試。
Q:聽力考試界面是怎樣的-?
A:聽力考試的段子播放界面是一幅圖外加時(shí)間條,這時(shí)千萬不要多看那幅圖,而是抓緊時(shí)間記筆記,聽力段子結(jié)束之后是答題界面,題目是先出題目,后出選項(xiàng),一定要注意聽力考試答題順序是單向的,而且同一個(gè)section都一起計(jì)時(shí)(答完后面的是回不到前面的,所以要多多注意右上角的時(shí)間,合理的安排),每個(gè)section的答題時(shí)間都是10分鐘,再就是聽力答題在進(jìn)入下一題的時(shí)候,不光要點(diǎn)next,還要再點(diǎn)一下ok,才能進(jìn)入下一題,都答完后,點(diǎn)擊continue進(jìn)行中場(chǎng)休息。
Q:聽力考試開始,音量依舊可以調(diào)節(jié)嗎?
A:可以,但是建議提前調(diào)試到合適的狀態(tài),開始后再調(diào)節(jié)容易影響聽力內(nèi)容的接收或者容易死機(jī)。
Q:聽力結(jié)束后,自動(dòng)進(jìn)入休息狀態(tài)嗎?
A:對(duì),屏幕上會(huì)顯示讓你去休息的指示,同時(shí)屏幕中間會(huì)有個(gè)倒計(jì)時(shí)的提示,建議掌握好休息的時(shí)間。
Q:休息多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間呢?
A:10分鐘。
Q:休息時(shí)間通常應(yīng)該做些什么?
A:利用好休息的時(shí)間,上個(gè)洗手間,吃點(diǎn)東西,喝點(diǎn)水,最好回到座位上,這樣就可以聽到旁邊說的口語內(nèi)容,會(huì)比只用15-20秒的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間去思考該說什么有優(yōu)勢(shì)的多。
Q:通常中場(chǎng)休息該補(bǔ)充些什么東西呢?
A:水是必須的,但不要太多,后半場(chǎng)上去廁所就不好了,潤(rùn)一下嗓子有利于更好的說口語就好;吃的東西最好不要是巧克力之類的甜食,容易對(duì)嗓子的發(fā)揮產(chǎn)生影響,可以是蘋果之類的水果,既能補(bǔ)充能量,又可以潤(rùn)嗓子。
Q:休息時(shí)間結(jié)束,電腦界面會(huì)自動(dòng)跳轉(zhuǎn)嗎?
A:會(huì)的,屏幕會(huì)提示你進(jìn)入下一項(xiàng)考試,同時(shí)讓你試音,看看麥克風(fēng)有沒什么異樣,這時(shí)一定要仔細(xì)的試試,否則會(huì)影響后面的考試。
Q:口語考試的界面是什么樣子的?
A:口語考試1.2題目的界面都是你描述的題目要求,同時(shí)會(huì)有準(zhǔn)備/陳述時(shí)間的倒計(jì)時(shí);3.4題目的界面同樣包括題目的要求和倒計(jì)時(shí),同時(shí)會(huì)有要求你看的文字材料出現(xiàn),30秒后消失;5.6題目的界面同1.2題一樣。(注:口語考試的界面,隨著題目的變化自動(dòng)跳轉(zhuǎn),不需要手動(dòng)操作)
Q:口語考試需要注意哪些?
A:最最關(guān)鍵的就是聲音要洪亮,不要不好意思,聲音小更加容易被旁邊的人干擾;同時(shí)注意時(shí)間的分配,不要過于匆忙更不能太慢,錯(cuò)過主要信息,3-6題注意筆記的精簡(jiǎn),同時(shí)抓主要信息,尤其是能看懂自己記的內(nèi)容。
Q:綜合寫作的界面是什么?
A:進(jìn)入綜合寫作界面,首先是左邊出現(xiàn)限時(shí)3分鐘的閱讀材料,3分鐘后材料自動(dòng)消失,開始播放聽力材料,聽力材料結(jié)束后,剛才隱去的閱讀內(nèi)容會(huì)在屏幕的左邊重新出現(xiàn),同時(shí)屏幕右側(cè)會(huì)有讓你輸入的空格,限時(shí)20分鐘,最少150字(注:寫作中大小都是需要自己轉(zhuǎn)換,段落自己分),如果提前答完檢查沒問題了,可以點(diǎn)擊右上角的continue進(jìn)入獨(dú)立寫作。
Q:獨(dú)立寫作的界面是怎樣的?
A:左側(cè)是給出的論述題目,右側(cè)的空格輸入內(nèi)容,限時(shí)30分鐘,最少300詞,如果提前答完并且檢查無誤后,可以交卷。
可以,因?yàn)樵谕懈?TOEFL)考試中,OG即是指ETS考試中心官方給出的應(yīng)試指南。OG,是Official Guide的縮寫,意思是官方指南。
托福是由美國(guó)教育測(cè)驗(yàn)服務(wù)社(ETS)舉辦的英語能力考試,全名為“檢定非英語為母語者的英語能力考試”,中文由TOEFL而音譯為“托?!?。
TOEFL有三種,分別是: pbt—paper based test 紙考 677, cbt—computer based test 機(jī)考 300, ibt—internet based test 網(wǎng)考 120, 新托福滿分是120分。TOEFL考試的有效期為兩年,是從考試日期開始計(jì)算的。
英國(guó)內(nèi)政部于2014年4月初結(jié)束與美國(guó)教育考試機(jī)構(gòu)ETS的合作,不再承認(rèn)其旗下托福(TOEFL)和托業(yè)(TOEIC)兩大英語考試的成績(jī)。部分準(zhǔn)備赴英留學(xué)的中國(guó)學(xué)生反映已接到校方要求重新提供英語考試成績(jī)的通知。
擴(kuò)展資料:
托福機(jī)經(jīng):
“托福機(jī)經(jīng)”這個(gè)名詞的由來和雅思機(jī)經(jīng)相差無幾。機(jī)經(jīng)指的是上機(jī)考試經(jīng)驗(yàn),最先起源于托福考試,即對(duì)上機(jī)考試題目的回憶總結(jié)。托福考試完全是上機(jī)考試作答,所以烤鴨們就親切的稱之為機(jī)經(jīng)。機(jī)經(jīng)內(nèi)容含聽力,閱讀,寫作及口語面試題目等。
其中寫作和口語部分對(duì)備考托福的考生幫助很大。從另一個(gè)角度研究托福歷年考題,半年題庫變更一次,研究同半年的機(jī)經(jīng),是完全可以遇到重復(fù)題目的。但其答案準(zhǔn)確性眾說紛紜,并不完全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),制作僅供研究參考。
托??荚嚕?/p>
TOEFL考試的試題分為四部分,前三部分全部采用多項(xiàng)選擇題。每道題一般有4個(gè)供選擇的答案,統(tǒng)一在規(guī)定的答題紙上答題。所有答案都使用計(jì)算機(jī)判分。第四部分是作文TWE。
考試時(shí),先進(jìn)行作文考試,然后是其它三部分的考試,作文考試時(shí)間為30分鐘,其它三部分考試時(shí)間為110分鐘。從考生進(jìn)人考場(chǎng)到考試結(jié)束全過程需三個(gè)半小時(shí)。
綜合評(píng)分寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
1、內(nèi)容的完整性和準(zhǔn)確性。簡(jiǎn)單地說,就是文章是否有將講座中的關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)完整、準(zhǔn)確地提取出來(通常情況下有三點(diǎn)),并和閱讀材料中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容有效地一一對(duì)應(yīng)。
2、文章的組織機(jī)構(gòu),詞匯和語法的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。高分的作文需要做到條理清晰,結(jié)構(gòu)連貫,用詞恰當(dāng),能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)講座中的觀點(diǎn)與閱讀材料中的觀點(diǎn)是如何相互聯(lián)系的。
只要作文中的錯(cuò)誤不至于使內(nèi)容表述出現(xiàn)誤解,一些偶爾出現(xiàn)的語言錯(cuò)誤,如單詞拼寫、單復(fù)數(shù)問題等,不會(huì)對(duì)作文成績(jī)產(chǎn)生很大影響,當(dāng)然,錯(cuò)誤肯定是越少越好的。
參考資料來源:百度百科-OG
參考資料來源:百度百科-托福
參考資料來源:百度百科-托福機(jī)經(jīng)
在目前浩浩蕩蕩的托福大軍中,大家都在糾結(jié)著一個(gè)問題:做托福閱讀 文章 時(shí),要不要先把文章整體讀一遍?就這個(gè)問題而言,我們的“托兒”們不得不被倚天劍劈成兩大幫派:讀與不讀。下面將會(huì)為大家解釋為什么要在做托福閱讀題目之前要先將文章整體閱讀一遍。
托福閱讀做題要先整體的讀一遍
一、托福閱讀考試界面的設(shè)置
參加過考試的或是用模考軟件做過練習(xí)的“托兒”們都清晰的記得:當(dāng)一篇托福閱讀文章問題出現(xiàn)的之前,一定是先以整篇文章的形式出現(xiàn)的,左邊并沒有顯示題目,只有將文章右邊的滾動(dòng)軸拉至最低端,界面才會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為我們做題的界面,即左邊是問題,右邊是對(duì)應(yīng)的文章。
那么,我們就分析一下為什么ETS有這樣的設(shè)置?ETS有什么樣的意圖?ETS想讓考生怎么做?這樣的設(shè)置顯而易見ETS是希望考生們可以在做題前將文章大致整體看一遍。就ETS出題的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和科學(xué)性而言,這樣的設(shè)置毋庸置疑是幫助考生提高其做題的速度和正確率的。
我們已經(jīng)分析完出題人的意圖,那么接下來就是要解答界面設(shè)置導(dǎo)致的整體閱讀有哪些好處,如何幫助考生們答題,如何提高做題速度和正確率的。
二、整體閱讀托福閱讀文章對(duì)summary questions的幫助
對(duì)于托福閱讀速度不高,英語水平中等或中等以下的“托兒”們普遍反映的一個(gè)問題就是:沒有時(shí)間做最后的summary questions,或是做summary questions的時(shí)候不知道到哪里找答案或是正確率低。
我們先來分析一下summary questions,大家都知道這個(gè)題型出現(xiàn)在閱讀文章的最后一道題,而且是對(duì)全文觀點(diǎn)的 總結(jié) 。那么,既然是對(duì)于全篇文章觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié),那么它考察的內(nèi)容是文章的分論點(diǎn),即一段或是幾段的主要內(nèi)容。
如果是時(shí)間不夠,考生要直接選,很容易選錯(cuò),為什么?因?yàn)榍懊娴?2道題考察的基本上是文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。我們都知道細(xì)節(jié)信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以,憑做題印象直接解題,那么就受前面解題思路的影響,很容易被誤導(dǎo)。但如果這時(shí)你在做題之前對(duì)整篇文章有了一個(gè)整體的閱讀,并在演草紙上做了大致的筆記,那么summary questions就可以輕而易舉的攻破,為什么?怎么做?
首先,整體閱讀不是逐字逐句,是scan文章,了解文章框架。
其次,在演草紙上簡(jiǎn)單快速的寫下文章的主論點(diǎn),若干個(gè)分論點(diǎn)(一段或是幾段的主要內(nèi)容),即大綱。(沒必要是完整的 句子,可以參照聽力記筆記的 方法,符合,中英文結(jié)合的方法。)
這樣,整體閱讀的步驟結(jié)束后,在演草紙上就能出來一片文章的框架,并且這個(gè)框架大綱可以在最短時(shí)間能基本解決summary questions中80%。而且可以幫助考生輕松排除summary questions中的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。
綜上所述,做題前整體閱讀托福閱讀文章是極其必要的,希望這篇文章對(duì)大家解決托福閱讀考試的問題上有所幫助。
托福閱讀答題的時(shí)候可以看文章嗎?
一些沒參加過托??荚嚨耐瑢W(xué)可能不了解閱讀考試的實(shí)際流程,比如,托福閱讀答題的時(shí)候可以看文章嗎?
托福閱讀考試,大約3-4篇文章,每篇文章長(zhǎng)度大約為700詞,每篇文章包含10個(gè)問題。托福閱讀考試過程中你可以返回上一題查看并修改答案??荚嚨慕缑嫔?,文章在左邊,題目在右邊,所以解答過程中都可以查看文章。
托福閱讀真題1
It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species' death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.
The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.
One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth's orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species' survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.
1. The word it in line 3 refers to
(A) environment
(B) species
(C) extinction
(D) 99 percent
2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) exceptionally
(B) dramatically
(C) eventually
(D) unfortunately
3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth's history
(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.
(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.
(D) They are no longer in existence.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological
change?
(A) Temperature changes
(B) Availability of food resources
(C) Introduction of new species
(D) Competition among species
5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) change
(B) recovery
(C) help
(D) death
6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?
(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.
(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.
(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the
ocean.
(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.
7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that
(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth's history.
(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive
(C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earth's history.
(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.
8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) published information
(B) research method
(C) ongoing experiment
(D) scientific discovery
9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?
(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.
(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.
(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.
(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.
10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species' survival?
(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.
(B) It may depend on chance events.
(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species
(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.
11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred
(A) 26 million years ago
(B) 65 million years ago
(C) 225 million years ago
(D) 250 million years ago
PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C
托福閱讀真題2
Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C., they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.
Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.
But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.
1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably
the
(A) Babylonians
(B) Subarians
(C) Akkadians
(D) Sumerians
2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) distinguished
(B) segregated
(C) concentrated
(D) conquered
3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) equivalent to
(B) important for
(C) respected in
(D) familiar with
4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the
following EXCEPT:
(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.
(B) They had established themselves in cities.
(C) They had started to communicate through
(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.
5. The word some in line 14 refers to
(A) Archaeologists
(B) Sumerians
(C) years
(D) clay tablets
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?
(A) They were descendants of the Persians.
(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.
(C) They were accomplished musicians.
(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.
7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets
inscribed in Sumerian?
(A) in the early nineteenth century
(B) more than 150 years ago
(C) after the 1890's
(D) in the mid-eighteenth century
8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek and
Latin?
(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.
(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.
(C) It became a classical language.
(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.
9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) living
(B) digging
(C) assembling
(D) building
10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?
(A) by translating the work of the Subarians
(B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
(C) by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
(D) by using their knowledge of Akkadian
PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD