如何搞定toefl閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句

如何搞定toefl閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句

一、鞏固語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句之所以看不懂，是因?yàn)榫渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)分析不清楚。而句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不清楚，其根本原因就是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)掌握得不夠牢固。要想把句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析清楚，首先要掌握英語(yǔ)中的五大基本句型。這五種基本句型分別是：
1. 主+謂(例：I swim.)
2. 主+謂+賓(例：I ate an apple.)
3. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)(例：She found the computer useful.)
4. 主+謂+雙賓(例：He gave me a book.)
5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)
掌握以上這幾種基本句型可以幫助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵。長(zhǎng)難句之所以會(huì)感覺(jué)到難，是因?yàn)榫渥又泻泻芏嘈揎椥猿煞郑@些修飾性成分往往給考生分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)帶來(lái)干擾。因此，考生有必要了解常見(jiàn)的修飾性成分都有哪些。
長(zhǎng)難句中常見(jiàn)的復(fù)雜修飾性成分有：
1. 從句(定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句等)
例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 這是一個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是前面的trees。
2. 介詞短語(yǔ)
例：David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change (in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.)
在這句話中，括號(hào)里的都是介詞短語(yǔ)，做修飾成分。in the animal life做定語(yǔ)修飾前面的名詞change；around the fort做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞found，說(shuō)明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)；during the period和between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞found，說(shuō)明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)。
3. 分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞)
This“atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed(outside the coal mines)(for which it had been designed.)
這句話中的過(guò)去分詞invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner做后置定語(yǔ)修飾前面的名詞engine。
4. 不定式
The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
不定式做目的狀語(yǔ)，表明給予他們方法的目的是什么。
二、擴(kuò)大詞匯量
不可否認(rèn)，掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于分析長(zhǎng)難句十分重要，但是要想徹底明白句子的含義，除了掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu)之外，還要有豐富的詞匯量。由于托?？荚囬喿x文章偏學(xué)術(shù)性，因此不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。然而，托福文章所涉及的文章體裁十分廣泛，想窮盡所有考試中的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯是不切實(shí)際的。我們只需在練習(xí)時(shí)把遇到的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯進(jìn)行整理，僅僅以“認(rèn)識(shí)單詞”為目標(biāo)，不求會(huì)寫(xiě)、會(huì)說(shuō)，這樣來(lái)積累一定的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯，以保證考試遇到相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯時(shí)頭腦中有一個(gè)基本的概念。

托福閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句要怎么拆分

長(zhǎng)難句是托福閱讀中最大的障礙之一，如果能解決了長(zhǎng)難句就能變得無(wú)往不勝，那么新托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句怎么拆分呢？下面我們通過(guò)5個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句拆分的實(shí)例具體介紹一下，希望能幫助大家多積累一些新托福閱讀技巧。
1. Over 800 full-time thatches are employed inEngland and Wales today，maintaining and renewingthe old roofs as well as thatching newer houses.
結(jié)構(gòu)：全句只有1個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：are employed.句子主干為：Over 800 full-time thatches are employed.其中，maintaining，renewing the old roofs 和thatchingnewer houses是三個(gè)并列的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。Aswell as 表示并列。
翻譯：目前有800名全職茅屋匠人在英格蘭和威爾士工作，進(jìn)行維修，翻新舊屋頂并且還蓋新的茅屋頂。
2. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time hewas twenty he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist，speaking Swedish，Russian，German，F(xiàn)rance，and English.
結(jié)構(gòu)：全句有4個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：had been，had studied，was和was.全句由三個(gè)并列的簡(jiǎn)單句組成。hewas twenty是一個(gè)由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。其中句末的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)speaking Swedish，Russian，German，F(xiàn)rance，and English 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)excellent linguist進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。
翻譯：他從來(lái)沒(méi)有上過(guò)中學(xué)或大學(xué)，但是他都是自學(xué)的。到20歲時(shí)，他已經(jīng)是一個(gè)很熟練的化學(xué)家，一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，會(huì)說(shuō)瑞典語(yǔ)，俄語(yǔ)，德語(yǔ)，法語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)。
3. The materials used – copper，stainless steel，concrete and glass- give the building astriking beauty.
結(jié)構(gòu)：全句只有1個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：give.句子主干是：The materials give the building a strikingbeauty.其中，過(guò)去分詞used作為后置定語(yǔ)修飾materials.現(xiàn)在分詞striking作定語(yǔ)修飾beauty.破折號(hào)之間的并列的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)是materials的同位語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。
翻譯：使用的這些建材——銅，不銹鋼，水泥和玻璃等——給這個(gè)建筑物增添了一種奪目的魅力。
4. After all，eighty was a special birthday，another decade lived or endured just as youchose to look at it.
結(jié)構(gòu)：全句有2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was和chose.句子主干為：eighty was a special birthday.Anotherdecade是birthday的同位語(yǔ)，后面的lived or endured是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)修飾decade.最后是as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。
翻譯：畢竟，八十大壽是一個(gè)特殊的生日，是又生活了十年還是忍受了十年全憑你選擇怎么去看待了。
5. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice inthe dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from theorganizations that deserve no say.
結(jié)構(gòu)：全句有2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞would distinguish和deserve.句子主干是：they would distinguish theorganizations…from the organizations that…。其中，entitled to a continuing voice是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作為后置定語(yǔ)修飾第一個(gè)organizations.其后是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的介詞短語(yǔ)，其主干是in the dialoguewith…about…。that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾第二個(gè)organizations.并且，還應(yīng)注意到整句話的主要結(jié)構(gòu)：distinguish…from…。
翻譯：但是，至少他們會(huì)分辨出哪些組織有資格與研究機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行對(duì)話，就科研活動(dòng)中的動(dòng)物的權(quán)力發(fā)表意見(jiàn)，而哪些組織不應(yīng)進(jìn)行這種對(duì)話。
遇到長(zhǎng)難句，第一步先抓句子主干，找到主謂賓，然后依次分析各形容詞或分詞，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰可見(jiàn)。每天五句，長(zhǎng)難句不再“難”，希望大家能堅(jiān)持練習(xí)，肯定會(huì)有很大的提升。

托福閱讀如何讀懂三種題型的長(zhǎng)難句

如果把托福的文章比喻成一座建筑物，“詞匯”便是“磚塊”，“句子”便是“梁柱”。對(duì)于一座建筑物而言少了一兩塊磚塊并不會(huì)造成其倒塌，那么對(duì)于一篇文章而言某些單詞沒(méi)看懂也并不影響對(duì)于整個(gè)篇章的理解；而作為建筑物的支撐部分，梁柱卻會(huì)影響該建筑物的穩(wěn)定性，那么被比作梁柱的句子對(duì)于理解一篇文章而言是至關(guān)重要的，無(wú)法理解長(zhǎng)難句會(huì)讓考生首先降低閱讀速度，其次影響篇章理解，最后最致命的影響是相關(guān)題型的解決----“句子簡(jiǎn)化題”，“事實(shí)信息題”，“推理題”，因?yàn)檫@三種題型都是在直接或間接地考察學(xué)生對(duì)于長(zhǎng)難句的理解能力。本文將從這三種題型的角度討論如何解讀長(zhǎng)難句。
“句子簡(jiǎn)化題”中的長(zhǎng)難句----“先見(jiàn)森林，后見(jiàn)樹(shù)木”
“森林”代表的是該句話的“結(jié)構(gòu)”，“先見(jiàn)森林”即考生首先應(yīng)該關(guān)注的是該句話最核心的主干；“樹(shù)木”代表的是該句話具體的“詞匯”，那么“后見(jiàn)樹(shù)木”指考生應(yīng)該在了解主干之后才關(guān)注詞匯，并且只是一些key words.
<1> 因果結(jié)構(gòu)
例題1 (OG: Desert Formation)：
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解題步驟：
1. 觀察題干，發(fā)現(xiàn)表示隱形因果的短語(yǔ)result from
2. 瀏覽選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)A和B選項(xiàng)含有因果關(guān)系
3. 分析原句：原句中“因”：1). 大量受到影響的土地vast areas of land; 2). 大量受到影響的人口tremendous numbers of people; 3). 很難去減慢或者顛覆沙漠化過(guò)程reverse or slow the process; 原句中“果”：沙漠化是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重serious的問(wèn)題；分析A選項(xiàng)：“因”：1). reverse process; 2). affect large areas of land; 3). affect great numbers of people; “果”：沙漠化是一個(gè)significant的問(wèn)題
<2> 讓步轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)
例題2 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：
In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition, its signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.
B. In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal''s signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.
C. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.
D. Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.
解題步驟：
1. 分析題干，發(fā)現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞but; 前半句“yellow and green會(huì)是最亮的顏色在低層森林中”；后半句“但是如果動(dòng)物所處的background是yellow or greenish, 那么動(dòng)物發(fā)出該種顏色的信號(hào)將不明顯”
2. 分析選項(xiàng)：只有D選項(xiàng)含有表讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯詞although, 進(jìn)而分析句意：前半句：“雖然green and yellow在森林底層顏色最亮”；后半句：“在環(huán)境也是green to yellow的情況下，這些顏色將是poor signals”
3. 原句與選項(xiàng)在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上符合：轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)；在語(yǔ)義上符合：lowest level of the forest = forest floor, Not very visible = poor signals
<3> 比較結(jié)構(gòu)
例題3 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest)：
In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers

托福英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析

(Of 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ):of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant
ichthyosaurs...)
但這些因素并不能解釋這個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題:為何在一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)會(huì)如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚(yú)龍群。
分句 1:But these factors do not account for the interesting question
分句 2:of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant
ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of
giving birth
分句 1 嵌套分句 2.
分句 2 是 Of 結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾說(shuō)明 question 的內(nèi)容。

如何看懂托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句

一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句映入眼簾，很多學(xué)生反映不知從何下手：看句子太慢，一個(gè)個(gè)單詞地念，即使全認(rèn)識(shí)，讀完了還是不知道在講什么!這對(duì)迅速提取信息，尤其是重點(diǎn)信息顯然是非常不利的，對(duì)于不得不做的這份耗時(shí)耗力的“苦力活”，該如何給自己減負(fù)呢?
1樹(shù)立句子整體結(jié)構(gòu)感!從宏觀角度，以意群為單位跳著讀句子，直到讀完，整體結(jié)構(gòu)在腦海中清晰呈現(xiàn)，做到心里有數(shù)。例如，There are numerous
unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic
ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that
untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like。
當(dāng)看到There
are就應(yīng)該知道，咦，主干到手!后面跟的內(nèi)容無(wú)非就是或長(zhǎng)或短的名詞短語(yǔ);看到第一個(gè)that時(shí)，就應(yīng)該明確：任何句子都有一套自己的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，從句是句子，也不例外!所以接下來(lái)映入眼簾的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不用管，全部歸屬第一個(gè)that，因此眼睛迅速略到了逗號(hào)后的第二個(gè)that，同上，繼續(xù)跳讀，不久就發(fā)現(xiàn)原來(lái)還有第三個(gè)that，好，這個(gè)“瞬間跳讀”的過(guò)程就這樣結(jié)束啦!在你大腦中呈現(xiàn)的框架應(yīng)該是這樣的：
There are…reports that…，that…，that…。
即，三個(gè)that在同時(shí)修飾reports。整體結(jié)構(gòu)到手后，你就會(huì)迅速有種胸有成竹，信心大增的感覺(jué)，因?yàn)橄旅娴墓ぷ骶秃?jiǎn)單了，在此框架內(nèi)將一條條意思理出即可。
2 任何句子都有句子重心!迅速提取主句的主干意思，把握整句邏輯。
無(wú)論擺在你面前的句子有多長(zhǎng)，堅(jiān)信任何句子都是有句子重心的，因此，首先抓住句子重心意思，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的理解方向就一定不會(huì)錯(cuò)!句子重心中的重中之重便是主句的主干。
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth
century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,
the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally
produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate
harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone
to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
這個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句肯定讓很多學(xué)生瞬間覺(jué)得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向，但是其實(shí)根本不用有心理負(fù)擔(dān)，因?yàn)槟阋龅氖虑榫褪抢沓鼍渥又匦牡囊馑?，其它意思先“靠邊站”，最終在大腦中形成的各部分意思應(yīng)是有主有次的，層次分明的，甚至可以分成更清晰的部分和稍模糊的部分，更清晰的部分當(dāng)然是句子重心的部分，稍模糊的便是其它細(xì)節(jié)嘍。
主次有別，句子重心意思記清，其它信息按重要性進(jìn)行模糊處理，不用擔(dān)心這會(huì)導(dǎo)致選錯(cuò)，因?yàn)榭键c(diǎn)都是圍繞核心意思進(jìn)行的。
看到這句開(kāi)頭的名詞短語(yǔ)，感覺(jué)像是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)一般都是名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)嘛)，再瞄到continuing時(shí)，我們知道，doing和to
do在英語(yǔ)(精品課)中有個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的名字為它們量身定做的，叫“非謂語(yǔ)”，顧名思義，不能當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，所以一看到它，就知道連同它引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)全面跳過(guò);這時(shí)候就到including啦，道理同上，跳過(guò)!跳到這個(gè)逗號(hào)后的the
perfection,這個(gè)名詞更不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)咯，再次略過(guò)連同后面的一連串亂七八糟的東西;最后看到了動(dòng)詞produced(副詞finally當(dāng)然更是次要成分，略過(guò))，然后后面又跟了an
instrument，太棒了，完美的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)組合!
雖然到此為止，已經(jīng)找到了句子重心，但是還沒(méi)有看完句子，而要形成句子整體結(jié)構(gòu)感，必定要看完。后面的capable of
引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)修飾前面的instrument(因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中各類(lèi)修飾關(guān)系多數(shù)都是指向前面的單詞)，后面接著effects from…to,
from…to。這個(gè)無(wú)敵長(zhǎng)句此時(shí)在你的腦海中應(yīng)該是這樣的：
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth
century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,
the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally
produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate
harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone
to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
加陰影部分是句子的重中之重，其意思要清晰地印在腦海里的最前端，不可有半點(diǎn)疏漏，下劃線部分稍次之，也要做到意思明朗，在腦海中，其余內(nèi)容全部排在主次有別的結(jié)構(gòu)后面即可。這樣，整個(gè)句子對(duì)大腦在短時(shí)間內(nèi)的負(fù)荷量要求便不大了，且更易抓住重點(diǎn)。
因此，這兩種方法，雙管齊下，既可以提高理解質(zhì)量，又可以提高理解速度。
總之，突破托福閱讀高分，長(zhǎng)難句理解是基礎(chǔ)!

托福的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句分析。

為了表達(dá)自然，調(diào)換了語(yǔ)序。翻譯如下：
19世紀(jì)的雕刻傳統(tǒng)中，制作陶器被認(rèn)為是一種創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)，它后來(lái)被交給雕刻室使用石膏或銅澆鑄，或者用大理石雕刻，而直接雕刻就摒棄了這種技術(shù)。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析，嚴(yán)格的前后括號(hào)相對(duì)應(yīng)，成分寫(xiě)在前括號(hào)之后：
（整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)The technique （后置定語(yǔ)of direct carving）） was a break with the nineteenth- century tradition （定語(yǔ)從句in which （并列分句第一句(從句主語(yǔ)the making of a clay model） was considered the creative act) and (并列分句第二句the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble)）
把長(zhǎng)句分開(kāi)就清晰多了。兩個(gè)并列分句可能看著不爽，你可以試試把從句中and和它后面的所有東西刪掉或把a(bǔ)nd和它前面的所有東西刪掉，就更簡(jiǎn)單了。

最新托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句：恐龍滅絕與開(kāi)花植物的關(guān)系

托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句
For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion — except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.
結(jié)構(gòu)
復(fù)合句，帶有which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，except that引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，以及before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
分析
some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants，主句中some主語(yǔ)，have blamed 謂語(yǔ)，dinosaur extinction賓語(yǔ)，on the development of flowering plants 賓語(yǔ)。本部分意思：例如一些人將恐龍滅絕歸咎于開(kāi)花植物的發(fā)展。
which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion 定語(yǔ)從句修飾plants，which為主語(yǔ)，系表結(jié)構(gòu) were supposedly more difficult to digest，與動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu) could have caused constipation or indigestion作并列謂語(yǔ)。本部分意思是據(jù)說(shuō)這些植物更難消化，可能導(dǎo)致便秘或消化不良。
except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，flowering plants 主語(yǔ)，evolved 謂語(yǔ)，in the Early Cretaceous 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) , about 60 million years 定語(yǔ)，修飾the Early Cretaceous。before the dinosaurs died out，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，the dinosaurs 作主語(yǔ)，died out 謂語(yǔ)。本部分意思是：除非開(kāi)花植物在早白堊紀(jì)，恐龍滅絕前的大約6000萬(wàn)年前，就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始進(jìn)化。
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句翻譯
例如一些人將恐龍滅絕歸咎于開(kāi)花植物的發(fā)展，據(jù)說(shuō)這些植物更難消化，可能導(dǎo)致便秘或消化不良，除非開(kāi)花植物在早白堊紀(jì)，恐龍滅絕前的大約6000萬(wàn)年前，就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始進(jìn)化。

托福閱讀里一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句的分析

不是插入語(yǔ)，只不過(guò)是為了使句子更精彩而將原因狀語(yǔ)放入句子中間，這樣無(wú)形中就對(duì)不熟悉這種結(jié)構(gòu)的同學(xué)造成了閱讀障礙。其實(shí)我們自己在寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，為了顯得自己水平很高也會(huì)這樣做，而且這種用法（原因狀語(yǔ)，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等等插入到句子中間）在地道的英語(yǔ)文章中是很常見(jiàn)的。
這句話的正常語(yǔ)序是：In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them——even while building materials have changed dramatically，because they are based on physical laws.
一并幫你翻譯一下：為了使建筑結(jié)構(gòu)具有與其目的相適應(yīng)的尺寸和力量，建筑師們采用了自從發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái)就幾乎沒(méi)怎么變化的支撐方法（盡管建筑材料已經(jīng)發(fā)生了極大的改變），因?yàn)樗鼈兪腔谖锢硪?guī)律的（言外之意是基于物理規(guī)律的東西是不可以輕易改動(dòng)的）。
希望能幫到你，考試加油，我剛剛考過(guò)，有什么問(wèn)題可以問(wèn)我~~

托福英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句解析詳細(xì)In order for the structure to achieve

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )
一個(gè)句子重點(diǎn)在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。以下主干為句子中紅色部分，括號(hào)里均是修飾成分。
修飾一：(In order for the structure)，介詞短語(yǔ)
修飾二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非謂語(yǔ)做形容詞性修飾structure
修飾三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ)記得先跳過(guò)去，斷句別出問(wèn)題，that和have changed是在一起的。
修飾四：(that have changed little sincepeople first discovered them.從句修飾support
修飾五：(even while building materials have changed dramatically. )，從句
括號(hào)外面的是主干：architectureemploys methods of support，注意support這里是名詞。

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